International SEO. What works in Spain doesn't automatically work in Germany.

It depends on the project. ccTLD (domain.de, domain.fr) gives maximum local signal but requires building authority from scratch in each country. Subdirectories (domain.com/de/) inherit authority from the main domain but have weaker local signal. Subdomains (de.domain.com) sit in the middle. For companies with consolidated presence in few markets, subdirectories usually work better. For companies with differentiated operations per country, ccTLD brings an edge. We decide case by case.

No. Literal translation of SEO content almost never works. User searches are different per market, commercial intents vary, keywords change. SEO transcreation (translation + cultural adaptation + per-market optimization) is the minimum viable. We always work with native writers of the target language.

Yes. It's one of the technical configurations with the most errors in international projects. Hreflang requires correct reciprocity, precise language-region codes, coverage of all variants, no contradictions with canonicals. An error can make Google show the wrong version to users from a country, or fail to index complete versions. We audit and fix hreflang as the first step in inherited projects.

Always. We work with native writers in the target languages (English, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Catalan and more depending on the project). SEO transcreation requires native judgment: which expressions work, which cultural nuances to apply, which formats are expected in each market. A non-native writer, however good at SEO, produces content the local user perceives as 'translated'.

It depends on the number of markets, languages and technical complexity. International SEO is delivered within the SEO Execution model with pricing adapted to scope. Projects with 2-3 European markets start from €2,500/month. Projects with 5+ markets or independent ccTLDs require specific pricing. Each proposal is custom after a diagnostic meeting.

Entering a new market requires building authority from scratch. First results: 4-6 months. Position consolidation: 9-12 months. Competitive ranking: 12-24 months. It's a medium-term investment. The advantage is that once built, local authority is sustainable and hard to replicate by new competition.

It's one of the most common scenarios we receive. The audit identifies specific errors (broken reciprocity, miswritten codes, incomplete coverage, conflicts with canonicals). Correction can be done on the existing architecture or leverage a planned migration. In complex projects, fixing hreflang can recover 20-40% of lost traffic in 3-6 months.

Yes, and it's one of the most common and complex scenarios. International ecommerce combines international SEO (hreflang, transcreation, multiple markets) with ecommerce SEO (categories, facets, Shopping Graph). Technical complexity is high but so is the opportunity: ecommerce with real organic visibility in 5-10 markets is a huge business asset.